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Proceedings against an amalgamated company are invalid when initiated after its dissolution; successor companies retain standing to challenge them.
Case-Laws
GST
Proceedings initiated, continued and concluded against an amalgamating company after it ceased to exist are unsustainable. Although liabilities, existing claims and pending proceedings devolve on the transferee under an amalgamation scheme, post-amalgamation proceedings concerning earlier liabilities must be instituted against the successor company. Reference to, knowledge of, or participation by the successor does not cure proceedings conducted in the name of the non-existent entity, particularly where the order does not address the disclosed amalgamation. The successor has locus to challenge such proceedings because any resulting liability may be fastened upon it. The HC quashed the show cause notice and adjudication order, while leaving merits open and permitting fresh lawful proceedings against the successor.
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Effective GST notice communication requires proper portal upload and a meaningful hearing before ex parte adjudication can stand.
Case-Laws
GST
Uploading GST notices and orders only in the 'Additional notices and orders' tab does not constitute effective communication under Section 73 of the WBGST Act and the applicable rules, unlike proper uploading in the normal tab. A show-cause notice and reminder that omit the date, time and venue of personal hearing also deny the taxable person an effective opportunity to reply and be heard. As determination under Section 73(9) requires consideration of the taxpayer's representation, an ex parte adjudication in these circumstances violates natural justice. The adjudication order was set aside, with fresh reply, hearing and reasoned adjudication directed; merits remain open.
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Advance-ruling mechanism governs pending GST classification, exemption and taxability disputes, limiting writ review once the specialised forum functions.
Case-Laws
GST
GST taxability, classification and exemption disputes should ordinarily be determined through the specialised advance-ruling mechanism where the taxpayer has already invoked it. The Authority for Advance Ruling is entrusted to examine the factual and legal issues, with an appellate remedy available against its ruling. Once the vacancy preventing the Authority from functioning was filled, the High Court declined to decide the same issues under Article 226. The challenge to the impugned communication was left open because its merits could affect the pending advance-ruling proceedings. The petitions were disposed of without merits adjudication, and the Authority was to determine the applications independently and expeditiously in accordance with law.
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Pre-trial detention in GST prosecutions requires exceptional justification where investigation is complete and trial is delayed.
Case-Laws
GST
Pre-conviction detention must not be punitive: bail in GST prosecution serves to secure the accused's attendance at trial while preserving the presumption of innocence and personal liberty under Article 21. Where investigation is complete, the prosecution relies mainly on documentary, electronic and statement evidence, and trial is unlikely to conclude within a reasonable time, continued custody requires exceptional justification. The notes state that absence of criminal antecedents, absconding risk, witness intimidation or evidence tampering supported bail. Assessment proceedings do not bar criminal prosecution, although their outcome may affect it. Bail was granted subject to conditions protecting trial proceedings and prosecution evidence.
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Reasoned tax notices and access to defence documents are essential; defective input tax credit proceedings require fresh adjudication.
Case-Laws
GST
Show-cause notices for alleged wrongful input tax credit under section 74 must state the specific reasons for the proposed tax action; merely reproducing the statutory provision is insufficient. Relevant documents requested for defence must also be supplied so that the noticee can participate effectively in the proceedings. A foundationally defective notice cannot be cured at appellate or revisional stages. On these principles, the defective notice, consequential recovery order and bank-account attachment were quashed, with liberty to issue a fresh reasoned notice and decide the matter afresh in accordance with law.
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Valid GST adjudication requires notice to an existing person; proceedings against a deceased proprietor are non est.
Case-Laws
GST
A GST adjudication notice must be issued to a correct and existing person as a condition precedent to valid proceedings. Section 93 permits recovery of tax, interest or penalty from a legal representative or a person continuing the business of a deceased proprietor, but does not authorise determination of liability against the deceased. Where authorities knew of the proprietor's death and that a legal heir continued the business, the heir's participation could not cure proceedings initiated against the deceased. The notice and consequential order were treated as non est and quashed, while fresh proceedings against the legal representative remain available in accordance with law.
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Assignment of leasehold rights treated as transfer arising from land, with GST held not leviable on the transaction.
Case-Laws
GST
Assignment of leasehold rights by a lessee to a third-party assignee was treated by the Gujarat High Court as a transfer of benefits arising from land, not a taxable supply of services under section 7(1)(a) of the GST Act read with Schedules II and III. The Court applied strict construction of taxing provisions and concluded that GST was not leviable on the transaction. The Supreme Court dismissed the special leave petitions, referring to dismissal of a similar special leave petition.
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Financial incapacity may support a waiver request for mandatory pre-deposit before the appellate authority in exceptional circumstances.
Case-Laws
GST
Financial incapacity to make a mandatory statutory pre-deposit may be placed before the Appellate Authority through an application seeking waiver. The HC disposed of the petition with liberty to file such an application, directing that it be considered in accordance with law. The direction was expressly limited to the petitioner's peculiar facts and was not intended to operate as a precedent.
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Interest on delayed GST payments cannot be charged after timely Electronic Cash Ledger credit; excess interest refund follows.
Case-Laws
GST
Interest on delayed GST payments is refundable where the tax was credited to the Electronic Cash Ledger before the return-filing due date, despite belated filing of the GST return. The note explains that a refund rejection based solely on the prospective operation of the proviso to Rule 88B was inconsistent with the applicable High Court precedent on interest computation. It states that the refund rejection and recovery notice were quashed, and the taxpayer was directed to receive the excess interest refund with statutory interest.
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E-way bill expiry alone cannot justify goods detention when breakdown delays delivery without evidence of tax evasion.
Case-Laws
GST
Expiry of an e-way bill alone did not justify detention where the vehicle reached the relevant city within the permitted period but could not complete the short remaining journey because of a breakdown. In the absence of any indication of tax evasion, treating the lapse as sufficient for detention was characterised as improper and hyper-technical. The High Court allowed the writ petition and directed that all proceedings arising from the detention be dropped.
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Properly addressed show cause notice is essential for GST adjudication; orders based on notice to another entity were quashed.
Case-Laws
GST
GST adjudication under Section 74 requires a show cause notice in the prescribed form addressed to the person against whom liability is proposed. Where the notice uploaded on the website was addressed to another entity, despite a pre-notice intimation in GST FORM DRC-01A, the adjudication lacked notice to the petitioner and violated natural justice. The defect was not addressed in the appellate proceedings. The adjudication and appellate orders were quashed, while permitting fresh proceedings if legally permissible and preserving the petitioner's defences.
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De novo GST adjudication granted subject to conditional pre-deposit, substantiated reply, and compliance with fresh-hearing requirements.
Case-Laws
GST
De novo GST adjudication was permitted despite the taxable person's failure to respond to show-cause notices, attend personal hearings, or file a timely statutory appeal. Upon an undertaking to deposit 25% of the disputed tax, the HC required the taxable person to submit a substantiated reply with supporting documents and directed fresh adjudication on merits. The impugned orders were to operate as addenda to the show-cause notices for this purpose. Any consequential bank attachment was to be vacated subject to compliance. If the deposit and reply requirements were not met, tax authorities could recover the demand in accordance with law.
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Natural justice requires a further opportunity to substantiate disputed input tax credit transactions before final demand determination.
Case-Laws
GST
Opportunity to substantiate the genuineness of disputed input tax credit transactions was required under principles of natural justice where the taxpayer did not respond to portal-uploaded intimation and show-cause notice but asserted lack of other service and sought to produce supporting documents. The High Court quashed the demand order and restored the proceedings for fresh consideration, conditional on timely filing of documents and deposit of 10% of the demand, subject to the final outcome.
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Instalment payment of outstanding GST interest continues until December 2026, subject to automatic withdrawal upon any payment default.
Case-Laws
GST
Payment of outstanding CGST and SGST interest was permitted in equal monthly instalments until the end of December 2026. The instalment facility automatically ceases upon any default, requiring compliance with the prescribed payment schedule.
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Statutory GST appeal limitation excludes Limitation Act condonation beyond the expressly prescribed appellate extension period.
Case-Laws
GST
Statutory limitation for GST appeals under Section 107 of the CGST/UKGST Act is treated as an integral and exhaustive part of the appellate remedy. The prescribed appeal period and the limited condonable extension define the Appellate Authority's jurisdiction; therefore, delay beyond that extension cannot be condoned through Section 5 of the Limitation Act. The discussion distinguishes a Supreme Court ruling under beneficial land-acquisition legislation, whose remedial purpose differs from the self-contained fiscal framework of GST. It maintains that fiscal precedents on expressly limited appellate condonation continue to govern unless expressly overruled or distinguished. Individual writ petitions remain for consideration on their respective facts.
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Composite healthcare supplies retain exemption when patient care is the contract's essential character, despite payment through an implementing agency.
Case-Laws
GST
Healthcare services delivered through government Urban Health and Wellness Centres, Urban Ayushman Aarogya Mandirs and polyclinics are characterised by their essential and dominant nature, rather than by the contractual payer or payment structure. Activities integrally connected with delivering patient care form a composite healthcare supply and should not be artificially separated into management, manpower or support elements. The text distinguishes arrangements whose substance is only operational management or administrative support, which remain taxable despite patients being ultimate beneficiaries. It states that services provided through clinical establishments under the government project qualify as exempt healthcare services under Entry 74, while payment by an implementing agency does not alter that classification.
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Overlapping GST proceedings require Central and State authorities to designate one competent authority for coordinated adjudication of the same matter.
Case-Laws
GST
Parallel Central and State GST proceedings on the same subject matter require coordination to identify the competent authority. The text explains that proceedings formally commence through show cause notices and overlap where they concern identical or overlapping tax liability, deficiency or obligation arising from the same contravention. A taxable person must submit replies and supporting material to both authorities. Where the subject matter is the same, the authorities must determine between themselves which authority will continue; the other authority must transfer its material. The designated authority must then adjudicate after considering the taxpayer's material through a speaking and reasoned order.
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Inverted duty refunds cover credit accumulated from higher-rated ancillary inputs, despite equal tax rates on principal input and output.
Case-Laws
GST
Refund of accumulated unutilised input tax credit under an inverted duty structure is available where higher-rated ancillary inputs, including chemicals and packing materials, cause credit accumulation, even if the principal input and output supply attract the same tax rate. Section 54(3) does not distinguish between major and minor inputs. The prescribed refund computation applies under Rule 89(5), and the discussed circular restricting refunds to cases involving higher-rated principal inputs had been declared unconstitutional. The text states that rejected refund claims were to be processed and sanctioned with applicable interest after personal hearing.
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Input tax credit reversal verification required fresh GST demand adjudication, subject to pre-deposit and adjustment of substantiated payments.
Case-Laws
GST
Disputed input tax credit claimed to have been reversed before issuance of the show-cause notice required verification through the rectification application and relevant returns. As that verification had not been undertaken, the GST demand was remitted for fresh adjudication on merits. The remand was conditional on deposit of 25% of the disputed tax, with adjustment for properly substantiated prior payments or recoveries. Upon compliance, any consequential bank attachment was to be vacated.
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Input tax credit for bona fide purchasers cannot be denied solely for a supplier's return-filing default.
Case-Laws
GST
Input tax credit should not be denied to a bona fide purchasing dealer solely because the registered selling dealer, despite receiving tax, failed to file returns. Where the purchaser has paid tax against a valid tax invoice, recovery of unpaid tax should be pursued against the defaulting seller. Action against the purchaser remains available where material establishes collusion. Applying this principle, the discussed High Court decision quashed the demand based on alleged excess input tax credit for the relevant financial year, while preserving the authorities' right to recover dues from the selling dealer in accordance with law.
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Capacity-based cess computation uses the month's maximum operational machines; abatement applies only to qualifying continuous inactivity.
Case-Laws
GST
Rule 12(4) of the capacity-based cess scheme for pan masala packing machines is described as valid because the Cess Act, Rule 12 and Schedule II operate as an integrated framework. Monthly cess is computed by reference to the maximum number of installed operational machines during the month, with capacity determined by rated speed and packing weight rather than installation date. The rule was found consistent with the parent statute and constitutional guarantees under Articles 14 and 19(1)(g). Abatement applies only where a machine remains continuously inoperative for at least fifteen days; machines installed later and subsequently operated cannot be treated as inoperative before installation. The reported writ petition was dismissed, subject to the statutory appellate remedy for the abatement rejection.
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Government Expands FTAs, Export Promotion Measures to Diversify Export Markets
GST
Dated:- 21-7-2026

Free Trade Agreements to Expand Export Opportunities, Enhance Market Access and Address Non-Tariff Barriers

Export Promotion Mission, E-Commerce Export Hubs and Logistics Reforms Drive Cross-Border E-Commerce Exports

Government has undertaken several initiatives to diversify export markets in light of evolving global geopolitical and economic developments. These include expanding network of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Comprehensive Economic Partnership/Cooperation Agreements (CEPAs/CECAs); pursuing trade negotiations with major economies and regions to secure preferential market access for exporters; undertaking focused export promotion activities through Export Promotion Mission, Indian Missions overseas, Export Promotion Councils (EPCs), industry associations and other stakeholders; implementing district and sector-specific export promotion initiatives under th

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Technical Barriers to Trade to promote mutual understanding of each sides' standards, technical regulations, and measures to enhance transparency. These provisions facilitate smoother and more effective access to export markets for Indian goods. Government engages with its trading partners through bilateral, regional and multilateral mechanisms to address non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and improve market access for Indian exports. These includes holding regular meetings and direct talks with partners through Joint Committees and Working Groups established under trade agreements to solve specific export problems to align with emerging global requirements, consultations with partner countries to resolve market access issues, technical discussions on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, technical barriers to trade (TBT), standards, conformity assessment procedures and regulatory requirements and continuous engagement with stakeholders to identify and address market access concerns in ke

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nding and packaging, market access initiatives, export logistics & warehousing, and trade intelligence.

2. Implementation of the E-Commerce Export Hub (ECEH) initiative on a pilot basis to create an integrated ecosystem for e-commerce exports by facilitating logistics, customs clearances and other export-related services.

3. The District Export Hub (DEH) Initiative provides the district-level framework for decentralised export promotion. In each district, the effort is to identify and prioritise 3-5 products/services with viable export potential for targeted interventions.

4. Reforms to simplify exports through courier mode and reduce compliance burden:

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has relaxed export reconciliation requirements for small-value exports up to Rs.10 lakh by permitting closure of export transactions in the Export Data Processing and Monitoring System (EDPMS) on the basis of declarations furnished by exporters and reconciliation undertaken by bank

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Centers (EFCs) in its field offices across the country with the aim of providing requisite mentoring and handholding support to MSMEs in exporting their products and services.

8. International Cooperation (IC) Scheme of Ministry of MSME aims to build capacity of MSMEs by facilitating their participation in international exhibitions/fairs/conferences/seminar/buyer-seller meets abroad as well as reimbursement of various costs.

This information was given by Minister of State for Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Shri Jitin Prasada in a written reply in Lok Sabha today.

 

Annexure I

India's recent Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)

Sl.

No.

Name of the Agreement

Date of signing

Date of implementation

1

India – Mauritius Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA)

22nd February, 2021

1st April, 2021

2

India-UAE CEPA

18th February, 2022

1 st May 2022

3

India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement

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Regular bail in alleged fake-invoice tax credit fraud followed secured evidence and absence of prospects for early trial.
Case-Laws
GST
Regular bail in an alleged fake-invoice input tax credit fraud was discussed where invoices were allegedly issued without underlying e-top-up service supplies. The text notes that the accused had been in custody since April 2026, the complaint was filed, and documentary and electronic material had been secured. As the matter rested on documentary evidence, carried a maximum five-year sentence, and was unlikely to conclude early, continued detention was considered unnecessary. Regular bail was granted subject to stipulated conditions.
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Anticipatory bail in alleged fraudulent input tax credit cases requires demonstrated necessity for arrest and custodial interrogation.
Case-Laws
GST
Anticipatory bail in alleged fraudulent input tax credit matters is examined through the necessity of arrest and custodial interrogation. The notes state that arrest powers under the CGST Act require objectively founded reasons to believe and are investigative rather than punitive. They emphasise that the seriousness of an economic offence alone does not displace personal liberty, particularly where documentary, financial and electronic material has largely been secured and there is no indicated risk of absconding or evidence tampering. Pending tax adjudication does not prevent criminal investigation, but tax recovery concerns alone should not determine liberty. Bail may be conditioned on surrender, cooperation, travel restrictions and non-interference with evidence, while lawful future arrest remains available if valid grounds arise.
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University affiliation fees are described as non-taxable regulatory functions, alternatively protected by the educational-services GST exemption.
Case-Laws
GST
University affiliation is described as a statutory and regulatory function rather than a supply of services for consideration. The note states that affiliation fees are not consideration for a taxable activity and, alternatively, that affiliation services fall within the educational-services exemption from GST. It reports that GST demands on affiliation fees were treated as unsustainable, with refund of GST collected directed within four months and interest payable for default.
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